杜谷 高應陟의 생애와 국방정책

• 영문명: The Life of Eungcheok Go with the Pen Name of Dugok and National Defense Policies
• 발행기관: 대동한문학회
• 저자명: 황동권(hwang dongkwon)
• 간행물 정보: 『대동한문학』大東漢文學 第40輯, 471~503쪽, 전체 32쪽
• 주제분류: 어문학 > 한국어와문학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2014.06.30

국문 초록

본고는 杜谷 高應陟(1531∼1605)의 국방정책에 관해서 살펴보았다. 두곡은 일찍부터 국방에 관심을 가지고 근본적이고 체계적인 방안을 수립한 인물이다. 두곡은 평생의 사업으로 求道에 뜻을 두고 發憤忘食하며 치열하게 학문을 탐구하였다. 특히 『대학』ㆍ『중용』의 요체를 깊이 터득한 뒤에 주변 사람, 즉 庸人ㆍ武夫ㆍ小吏ㆍ어린아이에게도 『대학』을 가르쳤다. 그는 투철한 현실인식을 바탕으로 文武竝用論ㆍ兵農分離論ㆍ高級武官養成論과 같은 국방정책을 위정자에게 꾸준히 개진하였다. 두곡이 국방에 관심을 가지게 된 배경은 무인적 집안 가풍, 임진왜란 전 북방 오랑캐의 잦은 국경 침탈 및 왜구의 크고 작은 소요 등으로 조선에 드리워진 전쟁의 기운, 임진왜란 등 3가지를 꼽을 수 있다. 한편, 두곡의 국방정책의 핵심은 문무병용론, 병농분리론, 고급무관양성론 등 3가지로 요약된다. 문무병용론은 문과 무는 각자의 기능과 역할이 주어져 있으므로 서로 긴밀하게 도와주는 관계를 형성해야만 오랫동안 국가를 유지할 수 있다는 것이다. 병농분리론은 精兵을 뽑아 훈련에 매진하게 하되, 保人과 率丁으로 하여금 정병의 가사, 농사, 그리고 군무 일체를 전담하게 하여 정병이 마음 놓고 훈련에 매진하게 하는 것이다. 고급무관양성론은 각 고을에 '講武堂'을 세운 뒤에 농지를 마련하여 여기에서 나는 소출로 무인과 말을 기르는 것이다. 구체적으로 재주와 용기가 출중한 사람을 뽑아서 제독으로 하여금 활 쏘고 수레 모는 법을 충분히 가르치도록 하고, 또 전투와 진법에 관련된 서적을 읽고 토론하도록 하는 것이다. 이렇게 배출된 인원 중에 재주가 출중한 자를 평시에는 禁衛에 배속하여 궁궐수비를 맡기고, 위기에는 대장의 임무를 맡겨 강한 외부의 적을 방어하게 하는 것이다. 두곡의 문무병용론, 병농분리론과 같은 주장은 당대 지식인들의 국방정책과 그 궤를 같이하지만, 고급무관양성론과 같은 주장은 그들보다 상당히 진보적이고 체계적인 방안이다.

영문 초록

Eungcheok Go with the pen name of Dugok (1531∼1605) was a scholar absorbed in Confucian moral principles in the Yeongnam area in the 16th century. Throughout his life, he was self-taught. He achieved a lot of success in research of Confucian classical books such as the Great Learning (大學) and the Doctrine of the Mean (中庸). In addition, he was a literary man who wrote 58 poems in the form of six-Chinese letters and 28 pieces of Korean traditional poetry named Sijo. The latter included the principle of Great Learning in Korean. Dugok had great interest in national defense, which resulted from his military family background and the socio-political ideology of his time. In those days, the Joseon Dynasty was exposed to the danger of frequent external invasion into the borderline by northern barbarians before Imjin Waeran, the Japanese Invasion in 1492. Moreover, large and small disturbances by Japanese invasions brought about a dark sign of war in the Joseon Dynasty. Most importantly Imjin Waeran in 1492 was the largest contribution to his concern about national defense. Dugok was interested in national defense policies earlier than others and presented practical ways to defend the nation. The key features of his national defense policies could be summarized threefold. The first was that both civil and military officials should participate in national defense, the second was that military service and farming should be separated, and the final element was that military officials should be highly disciplined. However, these three elements were not separated but organically related. Civil and military officials' participation in national defense was a basic principle, directing national defense. The separation of military service from farming was a method intented to discipline high-ranking military officers. Dugok thought that military officers and civil officials had different duties to do, and by the strategy of 'civil and military officials' participation in national defense', they could help each other and maintain a harmonious relationship. This in turn preserved the nation's future. The point of the separation of military service from farming was that elite troops recruited were rigorously disciplined while reservists and subordinate soldiers were devoted to caring for the families and household chores of the elite troops, farming and general military affairs, and the elite troops became absorbed in their military discipline. Dugok's third strategy of the discipline of high-ranking military officials was that above all, a military discipline center was established, farming land was prepared, and the income from the farming land was directed to rearing military officials and raising horses. Men of great courage and talents were selected, sufficiently taught how to shoot arrows and drive carts by generals, and made to discuss books about battles and troop disposition. Out of those members who were turned out through the system, persons of outstanding ability were assigned as royal guards, defending the palace. In crisis, such men were given duties as captains, defending against invasion by strong enemies.

목차

국문초록

1. 머리말

2. 杜谷 高應陟의 생애

3. 두곡 고응척의 국방정책

4. 맺음말

참고문헌

ABSTRACT

키워드

『대학』 『중용』 Eungcheok Go the Great Learning the Doctrine of the Mean that both civil and military officials should participate in national defense that military service and farming should be separated that military officials should be highly disciplined 大學 中庸 高應陟 文武竝用論 兵農分離論 高級武官養成論