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전후일본의 친미내셔널리즘과 문화보수주의

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영문명
Pro-American nationalism and cultural conservatism in postwar Japan -On Eto-Jun’s Critique of Postwar Democracy-
발행기관
한일민족문제학회
저자명
서동주(Seo, Dong-Ju)
간행물 정보
『韓日民族問題硏究』제34집, 307~347쪽, 전체 41쪽
주제분류
인문학 > 역사학
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발행일자
2018.06.30
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국문 초록

この論文の目的は、戦後日本の著名な保守知識人である江藤淳の戦後批 判の論理を分析し、また戦後史に対する認識変化の様子を捉えることである。 このため、この論文では1960年から1980年代まで、主に江藤の政治批評を分 析の対象としている。 1980年代を通じて、江藤淳は1946年に制定された「日本国憲法」がアメリカ によって「強制」されたと主張した。同時に占領軍の緻密な検閲の結果、その事 実が隠蔽されてきたと言った。その意味で、彼は戦後を検閲によって自由な表 現が奪われた「閉ざされた言語空間」と呼んだ。このように、彼は戦後史の意味 を敗戦と占領というその「起源」へ還元して理解している。 ところが、1960年には江藤が歴史を起源に還元する知識人たちを批判する 側にいた。安保闘争が挫折された以後、丸山真男は日本国憲法が生まれた 瞬間への記憶を呼び起こしながら民主主義への決意を新しくしようと主張した が、それに対して江藤は憲法の制定によって意味が与えられている戦後史は「仮 構」に過ぎないと批判した。というのは、彼は歴史は制度の変更ではなく、力の ぶつかり合いによって動かされると考えたからである。1960年代以後、彼は戦後 民主主義の支持者たちが言っている「戦後」とは「仮構」にすぎないという考え方を 維持し続けてきた。しかしながら、1970年代にはそのような「仮構」をもたらすの が、戦後派知識人から「アメリカ」へと移動した。彼は日本が安保と外交の側 面で、アメリカに依存する限り、日本の真の独立はあり得ないと考えた。した がって、彼は米軍の日本外部への後退と交戦権の回復が必要だと主張した。 だが、彼が反米ナショナリズムを主張したわけではない。彼は日米間の新しい 同綿関係への要求はアメリカから来ると言った。つまり、アメリカが日本との新し い同盟関係の必要性を認識する時期が訪れると予測した。 しかし、その後の歴史は江藤の願いとおりに展開されたわけではない。そうす ると、1980年代に入ってから、江藤は占領期の検閲に対する研究を通じて「押し 付け憲法」論を打ち出した一方、理想的な国家像を文化論の観点から提示し はじめた。言い換えると、彼は交戦権の喪失によって弱体化された戦後国家の 再建は、憲法改正と関係なしで、固有の日本文化に照応する国家の実現に よっても可能だと主張した。こうした主張の背景には、民主主義とはアメリカ文化 の産物であり、日本文化には異質的ものであるという認識が置かれている。こ のように、彼の戦後批判は1980年代に至って、彼は文化保守主義の姿を全面 に打ち出しながら、「歴史」に対する先鋭な感覚を失っていった。

영문 초록

The purpose of this article is to analyze the logic of Jun ETO’s criticism of the postwar period and to grasp the state of the change in his perceptions of the postwar history. Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes Eto’s political criticism from the 1960s to the 1980s. Throughout the 1980’s, Eto Jun claimed that the Constitution of Japan, enacted in 1946, was enforced by the United States. At the same time, the fact was concealed as a result of close censorship by the occupation forces. He called the postwar period a “closed space of language,” deprived of free expression through censorship. Thus, he understands the significance of the postwar history by reducing it to its origin of defeat and occupation. In 1960, however, Eto was on the side of criticizing intellectuals who reduced history to its roots. After the fall of a campaign against the revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, Masao MARUYAMA, evoking memories of the moment when the Constitution of Japan was born, insisted on renewing his determination for democracy. On the other hand, he criticized the history of the postwar period, in which significance was given by the establishment of the Constitution, as nothing but “fiction”. It was because he thought history would be driven not by a change in the system, but by a clash of forces. Since the 1960’s, he had maintained the view that “postwar,” what the supporters of postwar democracy would argue, is just a “fiction.” However, in the 1970s, what brought about such “fiction” had shifted from the postwar intellectuals to the Americans. He thought it was impossible for Japan to be truly independent as long as it relies on the United States for security and diplomacy. Therefore, he insisted that the United States forces should retreat outside Japan and regain their right to wage war. However, he did not insist on anti-American nationalism. He said that a demand for a new equal alliance between Japan and the United States came from America. In other words, he predicted that the time would come when the United States would recognize the need for a new alliance with Japan.  However, the history after that did not develop in accordance with Eto’s wishes. Eto started to present an ideal national image from a cultural viewpoint, while proposing the ‘forced constitution’ theory through his research on censorship during the occupation period. In other words, he argued that the reconstruction of the postwar nation weakened by the loss of the right to belligerency could also be achieved by realizing a nation that responds to its own Japanese culture without having to do with constitutional amendment.  Behind these claims is the recognition that democracy is a product of American culture which is heterogeneous to Japanese culture. Thus, in the 1980s, his criticism of the postwar era reveals the whole picture of cultural conservatism, leading to the loss of keen sense of “history.”

목차

Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 전후, ‘상실’의 시대
Ⅲ. ‘종속’에서 ‘소속’으로 : 친미내셔널리즘의 행방
Ⅳ. ‘미국’과 ‘조선’의 사이에서 : 문화와 민족에 대한 본질 주의
Ⅴ. 맺음말

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APA

서동주(Seo, Dong-Ju). (2018).전후일본의 친미내셔널리즘과 문화보수주의. 韓日民族問題硏究, 34 (1), 307-347

MLA

서동주(Seo, Dong-Ju). "전후일본의 친미내셔널리즘과 문화보수주의." 韓日民族問題硏究, 34.1(2018): 307-347

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