『春秋』王曆② - 周代의 曆法 一考察

• 영문명: 『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆)② - A Study on the Calendar of Zhou(周) Dynasty
• 발행기관: 한국동양철학회
• 저자명: 서정화(Seo Jeong Hwa)
• 간행물 정보: 『동양철학』東洋哲學 第47輯, 191~227쪽, 전체 37쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 철학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2017.07.30

국문 초록

『춘추』 경문은 태음력을 기반으로 동지가 포함된 달을 1월로 시작하며 그때를 春이라고 명명한다. 아울러 그것의 置閏에 대한 기사는 단 두 건만 확인된다. 본 논의에서는 『좌전』의 추가적인 윤월 기사를 통해 『춘추』왕력에서 활용한 치윤의 방법에 관해 추론해 보았다. 『좌전』 「文公」 元年의 “나머지 날수들을 ‘끝’으로 보낸다.”라는 기록에서의 그 ‘끝’을 연말로 이해하여 歲末置閏으로 인식한 경향이 보인다. 그러나 필자는 그에 대해 ‘時末置閏’ 내지는 ‘中氣가 들어 있지 않은 달로의 치윤’으로 해석하였다. 『서경』 「泰誓」 「牧誓」 「武成」편 등 ‘武王伐殷’ 기사가 서술된 내용 속에서는 당시의 역수가 『춘추』왕력과 동일하였음을 확인하였다. 『죽서기년』의 그와 관련된 기록들에서도 동일한 역수가 사용되었다. 이를 통해, 周初부터 적어도 『춘추』 경문이 만들어진 춘추시대까지는 왕력이라고 하는 주력이 사용되었다는 추론이 가능하다. 한편, 당대의 역법 체계가 비교적 잘 수록되어 있는 『맹자』와 『좌전』을 통해 본다면, 전국시대에는 周曆과 夏曆이 혼용되고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 漢代 이후에는 ‘동짓달=春’이라는 계절명이 더 이상 일반적인 관념으로 받아들여지지 않게 되었다.

영문 초록

The calendar of the scriptures of 『Chūn-qiū(春秋)』 is the lunar calendar with the month including winter solstice as January beginning a new year, which is named as Chūn(春). Moreover, only two texts have been confirmed regarding its intercalation. In this discussion, through additional text on a leap month in 『Zuŏzhuàn(左傳)』, the method of intercalation used in 『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆 : the calendar regulated by the king of Zhōu(周) dynasty in 『Chūn-qiū』) was inferred. In the record of “sending other days to the ‘end’”in the first year of 「Wén-gōng(文公)」, 『Zuŏzhuàn(左傳)』, the ‘end’ was understood as the end of a year, and it showed the tendency of the recognition that there was a leap month at the end of a year(歲末置閏). However, in this paper, it was interpreted as ‘having a leap month at the end of a season(時末置閏)’ or ‘having a leap month in a month without Zhōng-qì(中氣).’ It has been judged in that way because it also corresponds to the subject of the text that four seasons are to be adjusted in order to prevent farming from going badly. Next, in order to examine whether 『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆) was the calendar actually used in the court of Zhōu(周) dynasty or not, the following discussion was carried on through the analysis into some ancient legal books. It has been confirmed that the calendar of those times was identical to 걑Ch.n-qi.걒Wang-li(걑뢶뢌걒돞.) at least in the contents describing the story of 갻W.-wang-fa-y.n(븧돞뵲웫 : conquest over Shang dynasty by King W.)갽, such as 걏Tai-shi(뫷맽)걐, 걏Mu-shi(뻫맽)걐 and 걏W.-cheng(븧맟)걐, in Zh.u-sh.(뢂룕) of 걑Sh.-j.ng(룕?)걒. In addition, the same calendar was also used in the records related to it in 걑Ji-zh.ng-g.-wen(땬셬뚀빒=?룕딬봏)걒. Through which, it can be inferred that Zh.u-li(뢂.) called as Wang-li(돞.) was used from the early stage of Zh.u(뢂) dynasty to at least the Spring and Autumn Period when the scriptures of 걑Ch.n-qi.(뢶뢌)걒 were created. Meanwhile, when it was investigated through 걑Mencius(뽓럔)걒 and 걑Zu.zhuan(뜺섳)걒 in which the calendar system of the time was included relatively well, it’s been proved that Zh.u-li(뢂.) and Xia-li(됂.) were used together during the Warring States Period. And then, since Han(듌) dynasty, the name of season of Wang-li(돞.) regarding 갻winter solstice month as Ch.n(뢶)갽 hasn갽t been considered as a general notion any more.

목차

국문 초록

Ⅰ. 서언

Ⅱ. 『춘추』왕력의 태음 역법과 置閏 방법

Ⅲ. 서주시기 역법: 王曆

Ⅳ. 동주시기 역법

Ⅴ. 결어

참고문헌

Abstract

키워드

Chū n-qiū Wá ng-lì law of a leap month Sā n-zhè ng Zhō u-lì Xià -lì the calendar 春秋 王曆 置閏 三正 周曆 夏曆 曆法