'帝王'개념의 淵源, 發展 그리고 그 意義

• 영문명: On the origin and the evolvement of the concept 'Di-wang' and its meaning: with pre-Qin dynasty as main scope of discussion
• 발행기관: 한국동양철학회
• 저자명: 박영우(Park Young woo)
• 간행물 정보: 『동양철학』東洋哲學 第42輯, 1~48쪽, 전체 47쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 철학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2014.12.30

국문 초록

본고는 중국의 제왕 명칭을 개념사의 시각에서 철학적으로 분석하는 글이다. 중국에서 최고통치자를 일컫는 명칭은 '제왕', '천자', '황제' 이 세 가지가 가장 대표적인 칭호이다. 상대의 갑골 시대에 처음으로 '제왕' 개념의 원형이 틀지어졌는데, 이때 형성된 제왕 개념의 '원형'은 후대의 최고통치자들이 선택한 제왕 칭호 속에도 그 기본 도식(schema)이 그대로 투사된다. 그러나 이러한 제왕 개념의 원형은 그 도식의 기본 구조만을 계승할 뿐, 실질적인 질료의 부분은 시대에 걸맞게 변형이 이루어진다. 주대의 '천자' 개념은 가장 단순하고 직접적인 형태로 상대의 제왕 도식을 반복하기는 했지만, 주대의 최고신인 '천'의 개념에는 상대의 최고신인 '제'의 개념 안에는 없었던 '천명무상'의 관념을 창조해 내면서 새로운 '원형'을 빚어 내었고, 진한 시대의 '황제' 개념 속에도 상대의 원형 스키마가 투영되지만, '황제' 개념 안에는 천하의 모든 최고통치자의 칭호를 통합하는 대통일의 상징적 변형이 녹아 있다. '제왕', '천자', '황제'가 최고통치자의 '지위'의 정통성에 중점을 두는 개념이라면, 한대에 유행한 '素王' 개념은 '無其位而有其德'라는 '덕'에 의존하여 지위가 있는 '時王'에 대한 비판자로서의 상징성을 획득한 개념이다. 뿐만 아니라, 제왕 개념의 이러한 '원형-반복'의 구도는 중국 철학의 핵심 개념이라 할 수 있는 '천인합일'의 사상에도 투영이 되어 고대 중국 철학의 기본 개념들을 이해하는 디딤돌로서의 기능도 무시할 수 없는 가치를 지니는 것이다.

영문 초록

In this paper I will analyze the concept on chinese Di-wang as general name from an philosophical angle about its conceptual evolvement. The title referring to the uppermost ruler in ancient china have been come to include the three kinds of titles such as 'Di-wang'(the king or the emperor), 'Tian-zi'(the Son of Heaven), 'Huang-di'(the emperor) which is the first remarkable and typical name among the titles on kings or emperors in the chinese history. The archetype of 'Di-wang' as proper name was formed the original type in the oracle bone script's period of Shang dynasty. This archetypical schema have a property that repeatedly projected the basic frame of its schema on the title selected by future ruler henceforth. However, the title selected by the future ruler was only projected the basic frame of the schema from Shang's archetype, not its whole form on his title as the supreme ruler. In the actual process, the title selected by the ruler of later dynasty had been suitably modifying and fitting its material part in the shape of that his dynasty needs. the term 'Tian-zi' seclected by the ruler of Zhou dynasty repeated 'Di-wang' schema of Shang dynasty in the simplest mode and the most immediate dimension, but Zhou's ruler autonomously create the notion 'Tianming-wuchang'(the Fate of impermanence in the Heaven law) in the concept 'Tian' as Zhou's supreme deity and it was signified that the Zhou's title of uppermost ruler bring on new archetype, whereas in the Shang's supreme deity had not this property. In the Qin-Han period, Shang's 'Di-wang' schema also was projected on the notion 'Huang-di' like Zhou's 'Tian-zi', but the concept 'Huang-di' synthesized all titles of uppermost ruler which had selected by former dynasty's ruler, and this definitely means that the concept 'Di-wang' as general name turn into more complex form. This phenomenon imply directly a symbolic significance that the term 'Huang-di' was reflected on the grand unification of whole world which was accomplished by Qin-shi-huang, i.e., the first emperor in Qin dynasty. Such as the concept 'Di-wang', 'Tian-zi', 'Huang-di' all have been stressed on the positional legitimacy of its power, on the contrary, the concept 'Su-wang', i.e., a kind of charismatic leader possessed a critical power against the present ruler by means of his symbolistic and charismatic virtue, namely, 'without his position, but with his virtue' was more emphasized on the leader's personal virtue and capability. Moreover, this 'archetype-reproduction' formation of 'Di-wang' schema also was projected on the concept 'the unity of Tian-Ren', namely, 'the unity of Heaven and Man' which can call it as the key concept in chinese philosophy, so thereby I believe that it have an obvious value which we can not easily neglect the function as a steppingstone in the process of understanding that it can help to bring us to understand the archetypical structure of ancient concepts in chinese philosophy.

목차

논문요약

Ⅰ. 들어가는 글

Ⅱ. 帝王

Ⅲ. '素王': '제왕' 개념의 새로운 상징

Ⅳ. 맺는글

참고문헌

Abstract

키워드

제왕 천자 황제 소왕 원형 개념도식 Di-wang Tian-zi Huang-di Su-wang Archetype Conceptual schema