원주민 시각에서 본 브라질 역사

• 영문명: Looking the history of Brazil through the view of natives
• 발행기관: 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소
• 저자명: 조이환(Jo, I-Whan)
• 간행물 정보: 『역사문화연구』제25집, 371~398쪽, 전체 28쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 역사학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2006.06.30

국문 초록

대부분의 브라질 역사는 정복자인 포르투갈인의 시각에서 쓰여졌으나 본 논문은 피정복자인 브라질 원주민 시각에서 본 브라질 역사를 고찰하였다. 양 시각에서 역사를 고찰하여야 역사를 바로 이해할 수 있다고 생각한다. 포르투갈 역사에서는 1500년에 카브랄이 브라질을 발견하였다고 기록하고 있다. 그러나 브라질 원주민 시각에서 볼 때에는 카브랄이 브라질에 도착하기 수백 년 전부터 살아오고 있었는데 발견이라고 표현하는 것은 말도 안 된다. 포르투갈에서는 브라질 원주민에 새로운 문화를 보급하여 그들을 교화시켰다고 하는데 원주민 입장에서 보면 교화가 아니라 오히려 원주민 문화를 파괴하고 말살시키는 역할을 하였다고 볼 수 있다. 포르투갈 역사에서는 브라질을 개척하는데 앞장섰던 반데이란치스들의 업적을 높이 평가하지만 브라질 원주민을 입장에서는 자신들을 괴롭히고, 약탈하고 죽인 사람들로 반데이란치스들을 포악자로 평가한다.포르투갈 역사에서 폼발 백작은 개혁을 많이 한 인물로 기록되었지만 브라질 원주민들에게는 가장 탄압하여 포악한 정치를 한 인물로 평가한다. 포르투갈이 브라질에 복음을 전하고 많은 발전을 이룩했다고 하지만 원주민들에게는 “착취와 수탈의 역사였다”고 말할 수 있다. 브라질 원주민들은 반데이란치스들에 대항하여 끊임없이 싸워서 부분적으로는 이긴 적도 있지만 결국은 다 지고 말았다. 그래서 1500년에 500여만명에 이르던 원주민수는 현재는 25만 여명이 불과하다. 그래서 현대에 와서 브라질 당국도 원주민 보호의 필요성을 느껴 인디오 보호 서비스(SPI), 국립 인디오 재단(FUNAI)등 보호 기관을 만들어 보호하려고 노력하고 있다. 인디오를 보호하는 것은 우리 모두의 책임이라고 볼 수 있다.

영문 초록

Generally speaking, it is said that history is written with a conqueror as a central figure. It is true the fact that the history of Brazil is written by the Portuguese according to their sight. But in this paper the history of Brazil need to be taken a consideration from the point of view of natives. Viewing the matter from this angle, the fact that Pedro Alvares Cabral in Portugal discovered the Brazil in 1500 cannot be true. This is because natives had been living for hundreds of years before Cabral arrived in Brazil The Portuguese didn't respect the custom of natives because they thought they were natives. Portuguese pioneers invaded in the village of natives, ruthlessly robbed them of many things and made them impose a compulsory labor as slaves. In addition, through the marriage by force, many children of mixed blood were born. Especially when D. Jose I ruled a country with the powerful royal authority, Marques Pombal, the prime minister, severely persecuted natives by strengthening the exploitation and oppression politics to Brazil. Although few the records of history remain, it has been handed down that there were many cases that natives struggled against the attack of the Portuguese. Even if natives couldn't defeat the Portuguese with new weapons, it can be said that the spirit to protect their own culture was alive. While a few priests in Society of Jesus tried to protect natives, it was beyond their ability to struggle against the authority of Portugal. In 1800s natives were caught by the Portuguese and were forced to leave their own hometown. They couldn't help gathering the rubbery compulsorily. They lost the close relation to hometown and their culture gradually disappeared. They were influenced by missionaries and were converted to Catholic. So they came to have new culture. It is known that many natives of Brazil died from 1400s to 1600s. It is said that “the biggest reason of natives' death was the epidemic from Europe and Africa”. In 1800s the number of natives rapidly decreased. This is because the king and the nobility moved the royal court from Portugal to Brazil. After Brazil achieved an independence, the oppression to natives went the rougher and many natives lost their lives. After the decrease of the number of natives led by disease, death and mixed blood, the Brazil government began to have a recognition to protect natives in the beginning of twenty fist century. In 1910 the organization, called ‘Serviço de Proteção ao Índio’ was established. In 1967 it was changed into ‘Fundação Nacional do Índio’, which tried to protect natives but left much to be desired. For lack of only the protection of the government, natives promoted the national union for themselves to get more freedom in forming ‘Indio National Society’ in 1980. In conclusion, after Cabral first arrived in Brazil, the Portuguese thought they preached the gospel and converted natives to Catholic. But actually it is said to have been 'the history of the exploitation, culture destruction and genocide to natives. In 1500 the number of natives was estimated to be approximately 5 million but now is estimated to be approximately 250 thousand by decreasing gradually.

목차

Ⅰ. 서 론

Ⅱ. 역사적 배경

Ⅲ. 브라질 원주민들의 탄압 및 착취

Ⅳ. 원주민들의 저항운동

Ⅴ. 독립이후의 역사

Ⅵ. 맺는 말

키워드

브라질 역사 포르투갈 반데이란치스 인디오 Brazil History Bandeirantes Indios Portugal