百年盛衰事

• 영문명: The rise and fall in a century -the Wuyue Guan in Kaifeng in Song Dynasty-
• 발행기관: 경북대학교 아시아연구소
• 저자명: 牛敬飛(Niu JingFei)
• 간행물 정보: 『아시아연구』제16호, 47~66쪽, 전체 20쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 역사학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2012.02.28

국문 초록

大中祥符五年(1012年), 北宋의 道家를 숭상한 황제 真宗은 都城인 開封城남쪽에 五嶽觀을 설치하였다. 이 五嶽觀의 건립은 漢朝의 五畤祭祀와 비슷했고, 政治文化방면에서 國家祭祀의 성격을 표명하였다. 開封의 五嶽觀은 건립된 후 줄곧 玉清昭應宮과 景靈宮다음의 第3大皇家宮觀의 지위를 차지하였다. 宋朝廷은 항상 觀內에서 國家正禮의 거행과 병행하여 祈福활동을 진행하였다. 그러나 五嶽觀의 祈福전통은 五嶽祭祀禮儀의 한계와 더불어 점차 모호해졌다. 真宗이후 五嶽觀使는 점차 卸任宰執의 대우를 받았다. 道教科儀를 거행하는 것 외에 五嶽觀은 또한 宋開封城의 중요한 공공활동의 중심이 되었고, 皇帝는 五嶽觀의 대외 개방 시간을 규정하였고, 上元節의 觀燈풍속에서 五嶽觀을 기점으로 하는 試燈山日을 만들었다. 徽宗시기에 다시 五嶽觀을 국가의 書畫文化의 聖地로 만들었다. 北宋말년에 이르러 金軍이 開封을 침입하자, 欽宗은 五嶽觀의 祈福을 잊지 않았다. 조정에서는 한 차례 全城 병력의 2/5가 五嶽觀一帶에 집결하였으나, 얼마 후 開封城이 파괴되었다. 주의를 요하는 것은, 開封城이 비록 靖康의 難을 겪었으나, 開封城의 五嶽觀은 도리어 金人들이 접수하여, 계속해서 유지되고 보호되었다. 開封五嶽觀의 영향 아래, 五嶽觀은 中國각지에서 광범위하게 나타 났고, 동시대의 華夏邊緣政權또한 開封城의 五嶽觀을 모방하여 그들의 都城을 만들었다. 예를 들면, 越南의 河內城, 遼ㆍ金ㆍ元시대의 大定府(中京)와 元代의 大都등이 그것이다.

영문 초록

In 1012, the Emperor Zhenzong of Song built a Wuyue Guan(a Taoist temple) in the south of the capital Kaifeng when his passion for the Five Mountains and Four Rivers approached a climax. The rise of the Taoist temple manifested the centrality of national sacrifice in centralized political culture, just as the evolvement of the sacrifice of Wushi in Han Dynasty. As soon as it was built, the Wuyue Guan became the third important imperial Taoist temple in Kaifeng, only next to Yuqing Zhaoying Gong and Jingling Gong. The imperial court often held Taoist benediction in Wuyue Guan at the same time when an orthodox sacrifice was carried out. The boundary of the two different rituals was mixed up. The Gong-guan-shi of the Wuyue Guan which was the nominal head of the Taoist temple's officeholders was entitled Huiling-guan-shi. During the Emperor Zhenzong period, incumbent prime ministers were regularly named Huiling-guan-shi as a concurrent post, but later the title became a consolation prize for those former prime ministers. In addition to being a place for holding Taoist rituals, Wuyue Guan also became a significant space for public activities. The emperors permitted Wuyue Guan to be open to the public at regular time, and also they thought up Shi-deng-shan festival following the Lantern Festival. Under the rule of Huizong, the emperor made Wuyue Guan a famous art center for painting. It was paradoxical that the Wuyue Guan in Kaifeng as a symbol of unification witnessed Song Dynasty's most prosperous times as well as the Dynasty’s collapse in a whole century. In the last years of the Northern Song, when troops from Jin Dynasty was impending over Kaifeng, the last Emperor of Northern Song didn't forget to pray in Wuyue Guan. During the siege of Kaifeng, two fifth of Song troops were allocated at Wuyue Guan. After the capital was occupied by Jin army, the puppet emperor Zhangbangchang set by Jin Dynasty said farewell to the two Emperors of Song Dynasty in 1127. It was noteworthy that the Wuyue Guan was accepted by Jin Dynasty as the city was conquered. Additionally, Wuyue Guan as a kind of Taoist architecture started to spread all around the country. Even the neighbors of Song Dynasty such as Vietnam, Liao Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, each of them built a Wuyue Guan in their own capital.

목차

〔提要〕

一、緒論

二、百神所集在帝都：五嶽觀的修建

三、國家祭祀的向心性

四、北宋皇帝與五嶽觀之關係

五、危城中的五嶽觀

六、五嶽觀的傳播

키워드

五嶽觀 真 宗 道教 國家祭祀 會靈觀 集禧觀 徽宗 開封 Wuyue Guan Zhenzong Taoism national sacrifice Huiling Guan Jixi Guan Huizong Kaifeng