五代吏部選人文書初探

• 영문명: Pre-test on the Candidates’ Credentials in the Ministry of Personnel during the Five Dynasty
• 발행기관: 경북대학교 아시아연구소
• 저자명: 曾育榮(Zeng Yu-rong)
• 간행물 정보: 『아시아연구』제13호, 29~55쪽, 전체 27쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 역사학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2011.05.31

국문 초록

五代시기, 吏部에서 6品 이하의 官員을 選任할 때는 대체적으로 庸代의 銓選제도를 답습하였다. 그러나 五代시기는 戰亂이 끊이지 않아 사회가 안정되지 않아 장기간 銓選제도가 규범화 되지 않았기 때문에 매우 혼탁하였다. 이와 같은 상황을 변화시키기 위해 後唐시기부터 各朝는 모두 여러 가지 조치를 취하여 吏部選人文書에 眞僞가 섞인 상황을 변화시키고자 하였다. 그 중 가장 중요한 조치의 하나가 吏部에서 選人文書에 대한 심사를 더욱 엄격히 하는 것이었다. 그래서 選人文書의 종류가 9種으로 늘어났고 이것은 唐代에 비해 훨씬 많아진 것이었다. 그 중에서도 選人의 기본적인 자질에 대한 자료가 매우 상세해졌다. 구체적으로 보면, 첫째, 초기 선택단계에서 選人이 제출해야 하는 문서는 네 가지가 있었다. ⓛ 解狀으로, 여기에는 選人의 출신, 3대의 가족상황, 鄕貫, 骨肉, 在朝親情, 年齒形貌, 考覈資序, 優劣課最, 罷職年月 등이 포함된 官員 개인 이력을 상세히 나타낸 문서였다. 매년 5월에는 選格科限에 부합하는 選人은 “銓狀”이라는 申請表를 써서 本郡 혹은 任所에 보내 府川 혹은 本司 장관이 吏部의 選格樣式에 따라 심사의견을 쓴 다음 다시 選人에게 주었다. ② 歷子로서, 이것은 吏部에서 官員이 역임할 때 주는 사인과 도장을 찍은 문서를 말하는데, 여기에는 관원이 上任하는 月日과 累任하는 月日 및 임기의 治積 등이 적혀있다. ③ 解由로서, 이것은 관원이 罷任될 때 각 지역 州府의 관리와 여러 司의 長官들이 제출하는 문서로서, 여기에는 罷任月日, 戶口增減과 세금 수금 액수 등이 적혀있다. ④ 考牒으로, 이것은 관원의 역대 考課 등급 기록으로서 관원이 일정시기 사업한 실적의 최종 평가결과이다. 둘째, 注判 단계에 選人이 제출해야할 문서에는 세 가지가 있다. ① 告身, 즉 吏部가 官員에게 수여하는 일종의 憑證으로서 後唐시기인 長興元年(930년) 5월에 시작하였다. 여기에는 選人이 銓司에게 제공한 告身, 注明하여 보관해야할 名銜, 選人의 三代情況, 有無出身, 歷任告敕, 逐任考數 등이 포함되어 있다. ② 告敕, 즉 官員의 위임장으로서 注判 전에 選人이 歷任告敕을 告身 내에 붙여서 吏部南曹에게 바쳐 審覈을 받는다. ③ 公憑, 이것은 選人이 문서를 분실 했을 때의 증명이거나, 州府의 長官이 冤案을 심리할 때 縣官이 작성한 증명이거나, 관련 기구에서 官員에게 보낸 減選증명이거나, 吏部 南曹가 選人이 바친 歷任사실을 나타내는 문서를 받고나서 떼어준 수거이다. 마지막으로 引驗 단계에서 銓司勘覈한 選人文書에는 두 종류가 있다. ① 家狀, 즉 選人의 郡縣鄕里, 父祖官名, 內外族姻, 年齒形式 등을 적은 家庭證明이다. ② 保狀, 즉 選人 상호간에 보증한 문서와 選人을 잘 아는 京官이 제출한 보증 문서이다.

영문 초록

During the Five Dynasty, Ministry of Personnel still adopted the Tang Dynasty’s Personnel Selecting System for those official personnel whose positions were lower than Liuping position. However, as a result of the war affairs and the turbulent and unsafe social situation, the phenomena of forgery candidates and cheating in the selection were very common as the Personnel Selecting System was not supervised properly for a long period. Every Dynasty had taken some measures to punish and prevent such cheating behaviors in order to make the Personnel Selecting System step into the right path since the Later Tang Dynasty. Among those measures, the most significant one was to check Candidates’ testing paper in a more stringent process. The kinds of Selection Testing Paper had been increased to nine, which were much more than the number of Dang Dynasty. And it had required candidates to supply the detailed personal information. To put it more specifically, at the first phase of selection, a candidate should supply four types of credentials. ① Xiezhuang, it included political achievements, financial contribution to the government, and final evaluation during his term of office. For the personal information, it contained a candidate’s family status, his ancestor’s basic information, his off springs, and his relatives who were working in the government, personal image description, the job he had applied for, his advantages and disadvantages, and his resignation date. Every May, those qualified candidates would fill in the application forms, and then the leaders of the local government would give the comments in those forms. ② Lizi, it was a kind of credential, which was presented by the Ministry of Personnel. It contained the date when the candidate should proceed to take up one’s post and when he should leave the post. It also included the candidate’s historic achievements. ③ Jieyou, it was a kind of credential, which was given by the candidate’s higher-ups. The content still was about the candidate’s performing achievements during his term of office. ④ Kaodie, it was a kind of credential which was about the candidate’s historic testing records and working evalutions in his previous term of the office. Then, at the second phase of selection, the candidates should submit 3 types of credentials. They are specifically ① Gaoshen, a kind of certificate conferred by the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs. Since the May of the first year of Changxing reign of Later Tang Dynasty, the Gaoshen submitted by the candidates to Quansi(the officials in charge of selection) should state clearly information such as the official title, the family condition within three generations, the social connections, and so forth. ② Gaochi, namely the credential of appointment. The candidate should submit Gaoshen with Gaochi of successive posts attached to Ministry of Official Affairs for examination and verification. ③ Gongping, the testimony for missing certificates or the testimony for grievance cases issued by the top officials of the prefecture or the receipt issued by the Ministry of the Official Affairs for receiving candidates’ documents of successive posts. Finally, two types of credentials should be submitted at the final phase of the selection: ① Jiangzhuang, the record of such family information as the predecessers’ officials titles, marriages within and beyond the clan and so forth. ② Baozhuang, the surety document presented by other candidates or the superior officials who are familiar the candidate.

목차

一、問題的提出

二、選人赴選階段的四種文書

三、選人注判階段的三種文書

四、選人引驗階段的兩種文書

五、結語

〈abstract〉

키워드

Five Dynasty Personnel Selecting Ministry of Personnel Candidate credentials 五代 銓選 吏部 選人 文書