企業 資料 중 各種 名簿類의 記述內容에서 알 수 있는 朝鮮人 强制連行者에 관한 事實

• 영문명: Facts about the Koreans forcibly drafted by the Japanese Government during World War II
• 발행기관: 한일민족문제학회
• 저자명: 모리야 요시히코(Moriya, Yoshihiko)
• 간행물 정보: 『韓日民族問題硏究』제16집, 127~193쪽, 전체 67쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 역사학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2009.06.30

국문 초록

本稿は、住友鴻之舞鉱業所、北海道炭砿汽船株式会社、日曹天塩鉱業所企業資料中の朝鮮人被強制連行、強制労働者氏名の記載されている各種名簿、表類についての概説です。概説するにあたって、一覧表化した名簿、表類の理解を深めるために、他の企業資料によって明らかにできた事実を利用して記述しています。その内容は、従来から巷間流布されている事実とかなり違う事実が示されます。抵抗、反発される方もおられるでしょうが、一方の当事者の記録から分かる事実として、証言記録との融合を期したいと考えています。アジア太平洋戦争下の朝鮮人強制連行、強制労働研究は、1980年代まで被連行者や連行現場の日本人の証言等が中心でした。敵性国人としての中国人強制連行、強制労働の事実も反映し、暴力的連行と労務管理、犠牲者続出、遺体·遺骨の非人間的扱い、賃金不払等の｢過酷残酷史観｣的位置付けが定着しつつありました。1990年代以降、企業資料利用研究、日帝強占下強制動員被害真相糾明委員会の調査活動により、戦争遂行のため日本国家と企業が異民族を組織的体系的に強制動員、強制労働させた実態が明らかになりつつあります。その実態を浮き彫りにする資料の一端が、本稿で扱う名簿、表類です。日本国家と企業が、朝鮮人強制連行、強制労働で取った政策は、権力者の民衆支配の常套手段たる｢アメとムチ｣の分断する方法です。従順に働く者には日本人と同等に近い賃金と扱い、従順でない者には暴力行使をはじめとする徹底した差別、弾圧です。本稿で取り上げた名簿、表類は、｢アメ｣の部分を示しています。しかし、｢アメ｣の部分だからと言って、これらの名簿、表類が、日本人と差別なく処遇していたとは言えません。朝鮮人のみの名簿、表類からは勿論、日本人と混淆したものからも、基準が全く示されていないので日本人との差別は見えてきません。｢アメ｣の部分にも、厳然と差別が完徹していたことを見るには、他の資料を見なければならない。たとえば、1940年3月25日新幌内砿が採炭夫に稼働奨励のため入坑賞与を1日に付き日本人先山50銭、後山40銭出す決定をしたが、朝鮮人には、一律30銭とした例のように(北海道炭砿汽船株式会社資料ꡔ本店往復ꡕ)。この基準が示されずに、本手当支給表を朝鮮人のみのもの、また日本人と混淆のものを見ても、差別は明確に見えてこない。名簿、表類からは、｢ムチ｣の部分は、全く見えてこない。賃金、各種手当、貯金、遺族扶助料、傷病手当金等朝鮮人のみの表は勿論、日本人と混淆のものでも、基準が示されていないものがほとんどで、全く差別は見えてこない。ただ、逃亡者捜索、手配名簿や逮捕者名簿は、朝鮮人、しかも被連行者のみのものしかないことから日本人や一般朝鮮人とは違い、被連行者逃亡は犯罪扱いという峻烈な事実が示される。また、被連行者や連行現場日本人証言の暴力的労務管理や被害実態は、負傷報告書や死亡事故報告書、死体検案書では、絶対に分からない。これらの重要な部分は、｢創作｣されている。これらは、｢極秘｣文書でなければ分からない。最後に、本稿の名簿、表類に記載されている人々全てが被強制連行者とは位置付けられない。1939年9月以前、またその後縁故者を頼って、朝鮮の警察や役所を籠絡して、また企業の募集人を通じて渡日した部分が1938年頃から雇傭され、一緒に記載されていることを考慮しなければならない。これらの人達は、被連行者名簿と照合しないと明確にならない。

영문 초록

The paper deals with registrations of Korean workers forced to provide manpower for companies in Japan like Sumitomo Konomai, Nisso Teshio Mining Factory, and Hokkaido Tanko Kisen Corporation. To make it easy to get an understanding of this material, the author refers to other similar documents produced and kept by other companies, which show a reality quite different from what had previously been known. Despite the fact that the new findings may cause controversy, the writer tries to show what is recorded in registrations found in recent years. Historical investigations by individual researchers or official organizations on the forced mobilization of Korean people were carried out until the 1980s relying only on the testimony of Japanese who had worked or been present on work sites and had witnessed the scenes of mobilization. Many studies showed that the forcible draft practiced by the Japanese government with the cooperation of companies in need of manpower had exposed Koreans as well as Chinese to inhuman conditions: being violently taken away and subjected to physical damage from severe working condition, in many cases leading to death, followed by merciless disposal of dead bodies. Unpaid salaries were among the least of the injustices inflicted on them. Knowledge of the realities of forced mobilization was due to new findings of historical records kept by Japanese companies involved in the draft of workers during the period for the purposes of the war effort, though the contribution of the long‐term investigations carried out by the Republic of Korea’s Truth Commission on Forced Mobilization under Japanese Imperialism cannot be ignored. The newly discovered documents this paper deals with are among the proofs of what the Japanese government and its industrial partners inflicted on Asian people, especially Koreans. The means used by the Japanese to keep workers under control was a ‘carrot and stick’, policy, which is quite well known to many authoritarians as the most effective way to exert control over their people; the Japanese companies assured Korean workers, that if they worked hard and with no complaint, they would be given as good payment as Japanese workers, but at the same time the companies did not hesitate to resort to violence when the situation did not go as well as they wanted. The Japanese firms, moreover, did not faithfully deliver what they promised to their Korean workers; there was also discrimination in the application of rules. For example, Nisshin Horonai Mining Factory set up an incentive payment rule according to which workers would be paid 50 sen and 40 sen for performance of mining work and transportation. But it was later revealed that the company paid only 30 sen for each performance by Korean workers. So merely reviewing payrolls of Korean and Japanese workers does not help us to understand the reality; the only thing you can see there is numbers. Further close examination of other related documents is also needed While many payroll documents and medical care records do not show any evidence of discriminative treatment between Koreans and Japanese, police records of criminal suspects carry only Korean names, which means they were indicted, arrested, and executed to a much greater extent than their Japanese counterparts. Further, there is no practical means of proving what Japanese witnesses testified to concerning the forced mobilization of Koreans, violent work conditions, etc., because most of the documents such as autopsy records and official reports of loss of life at work sites may have been manipulated by officials for the purpose to concealment. However, not all of the people whose names are recorded in the registers dealt with here can be classified as victims of the forced mobilization policy.

목차

Ⅰ. 머리말

Ⅱ. 피연행자명부

Ⅲ. 스미토모 고노마이광업소 자료의 각종 명부

Ⅳ. 홋카이도탄광기선주식회사 자료의 각종 명부

Ⅴ. 일본 소다 데시오광업소 자료의 각종 명부

Ⅵ. 맺음말

키워드

조선인명부 강제동원 사료 Korean List Forced Mobilization Historical Records