1920~30년대 대구 지역의 ‘불량소년’ 문제와 ‘대구경찰서 소년보호소’

• 영문명: The problem of “juvenile delinquents” and the “Juvenile Detention Center of the Daegu Police Station” in the 1920s and 1930s.
• 발행기관: 한일민족문제학회
• 저자명: 노수빈(Su-Bin Noh)
• 간행물 정보: 『韓日民族問題硏究』제46집, 199~244쪽, 전체 46쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 역사학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2024.06.30

국문 초록

Founded in 1926, the “Juvenile Detention Center of the Daegu Police Station (Juvenile Detention Center)” was established by the Daegu Police Department with a donation from Jang-woo Lee, a local influential person. Although it was run by the police, it was classified as a “private reformatory” and subsidized as a “private social work organization”. After the opening of the reformatory, the same type of reformatory was established in colonized Korea, a colonial phenomenon that was rare in Japan. It is worth noting that the “Juvenile Detention Center” is an important example of the colonial police’s operation of the reformatory and the reality, and became the prototype of the police-run reformatory. This article examines the history of the establishment and operational characteristics of the “Juvenile Detention Center” in the context of police policing activities and community relations surrounding the problem of “juvenile delinquents”. It traces the logic of “social defense” and the operation of governability in “protection”. In the 1920s, the social phenomenon of street children became visible as a problem of “poor class delinquents/ proletarian delinquents”. They were called “street urchins” or “child beggars” and were the target of social services and police crackdowns. There was a growing social demand for the establishment of state reformatories from the perspective of child protection and social defense. Due to budgetary problems, the police considered establishing a semi-public reformatory by mobilizing private capital from the community. The plan was first implemented in Daegu due to the city’s geographical location and social atmosphere. Since the 1900s, Daegu had been a hotbed of interest in social work and social issues, with a variety of private social work agencies. After the 1920s, rapid urbanization exacerbated the problem of poverty, and there was a need for social work to address the problem of street children. The Daegu Police Department considered establishing a “beggar child camp” as a new policing strategy for the growing number of homeless children. The existence of the Gimcheon Juvenile prison and police leadership with experience in social services were factors in moving the plan forward. And with a donation from Lee Jang-woo, who had close ties to the Daegu authorities, the Daegu Police Department built the facility. The Daegu Police Department’s new initiative caught the attention of police and social workers. And the news spread throughout Japan. Police touted “the Juvenile Detention Center” to help street children become self-sufficient, ultimately preventing crime and keeping society safe. The reformatory, however, was more like a labor camp for street children, wrapped in the rhetoric of child protection. And hierarchical “cooperation” was a process of recruiting and mobilizing individuals into the dominant order through the practice of social work. Work training, which took place in the context of forced labor and imprisonment, could not be a fundamental solution to poverty.

영문 초록

1926年に設立された｢大邱警察署少年保護所｣(以下、少年保護所)は、 大邱警察署が朝鮮人有志·李章雨の寄付金を財源に設立した感化院であ る。少年保護所は、警察に運営されるにもかかわらず｢私設感化院｣として位置 付けられ、｢私設社会事業団体｣に対する補助を受けた外郭団体であった。少 年保護所の設立以降、植民地朝鮮では警察署が運営する｢私設感化院｣が 相次いで設立されるが、このような感化事業の運営は日本｢内地｣では発見で きない植民地特有の現象である。 本稿では、不良少年問題を巡る警察の治安活動と地域社会の関係を軸 に、大邱警察署少年保護所の設立経緯と運営上の特徴を考察し、社会事業 ｢保護｣に含まれている｢社会防衛｣の論理と統治性の作動方式を検討した。そ の上、官が運営する｢私設社会事業施設｣は、統治力量の不十分さによって 社会事業政策の運用がうまく進まない中、末端行政が外郭団体を作り、民間 資本の動員·社会事業補助金の転用して社会事業を行い、統治網を堅固に しようとした統治技法であったことを明らかにした。 1920年代以降、浮浪·乞食をする未成年者は｢浮浪児｣｢少年乞食｣と看做 され、｢貧困階級の不良少年｣問題として社会問題化する。児童保護および社 会防衛の観点から、感化事業による浮浪児救済の必要性が高まるものの、予算の問題で官立感化院の増設はできなかった。その際、代案として浮かび上 がったことが、警察が民からの寄付金を財源に感化院を設立することであっ た。 このような警察の構想は、1926年大邱警察署少年保護所の設立によって初 めて実現された。大邱警察署が収容所の設立を検討したことは、社会事業と の協力を介して犯罪の予防を図る新たな治安策の登場、金川少年刑務所、 社会事業との協力経験のある警察の存在などの影響が大きい。しかし、その構 想が実現できたことは、大邱が1900年代初から民間社会事業実践が盛んに なっていた地域であったため、社会問題に対する関心と参加が高かったこと、 1920年代以降から浮浪児の社会救済を求める要求が存在した点、最後に朝 鮮人有志が行政当局との協力関係の結びながら社会活動を行なっていたた め、財源の確保が早くできたからである。 以降、少年保護所は、浮浪児を｢保護｣して自活の道を作る上、犯罪を予 防して地域社会を｢保護｣すると、その効果を積極的に宣伝しながら、地域社 会の｢協力｣を引き出そうとした。その論理によって、少年保護所に対する寄付 や協力は、救済対象のみならず共同体の安全のための実践のように見なされ た。しかし、警察の構想における｢感化院｣は、｢児童保護｣と｢救済｣といったレ トリックを用いた未成年浮浪者の労働収容所であったといえよう。また、序列関 係を内包しつつ行われる｢協力｣とは、社会事業の実践を介して個人を統治秩 序の内に包摂·動員する過程に他ならなかった。

목차

Ⅰ. 머리말

Ⅱ. ‘부랑·걸식’의 사회문제화와 대구의 불량소년

Ⅲ. 대구 경찰서의 소년보호소 설립

Ⅳ. 소년보호소의 운영과 재정

Ⅴ. 소년보호소의 수산 교육과 감화

Ⅵ. 맺음말

키워드

감화사업 감화원 불량소년 소년비행 부랑아 식민지 경찰 부랑자 취체 사회사업 사회문제 빈곤의 범죄화 소년범죄 the Juvenile Reform Policy Reformatory juvenile delinquent juvenile delinquency street children colonial police The juvenile vagrant control social work social problems The criminalization of poverty juvenile crime