선택인가, 적응인가?

• 영문명: Selection, or Adaptation? : The impact of organization's adaptive behavior on failure under hostile environment
• 발행기관: 한국인사조직학회
• 저자명: 김국일(Guk-Il Kim) 강성원(Sung-Won Kang) 권석균(Seog-Kyeun Kwun)
• 간행물 정보: 『한국인사조직학회 발표논문집』한국인사조직학회 2013년도 춘계학술연구발표회 발표논문집, 1~35쪽, 전체 34쪽
• 주제분류: 경제경영 > 경영학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2013.03.30

국문 초록

본 연구는 조직실패의 결정요인이 환경의 선택적 압력이냐, 아니면 조직의 적응행동이냐 하는 연구의문을 해소하기 위해 우리나라 전문건설업체 42,365개사를 대상으로 적대적 환경에 해당하는 최근 6년간(2007∼2012)의 조직실패 현상을 관찰하였다. 시장성장률이 낮고, 희소한 자원을 둘러싼 쟁탈전이 치열해지는 적대적 환경에 직면할 때, 조직들은 흔히 고용조정, CEO 교체, 사업범위 변경, 그라고 조직 여유자원의 축적과 같은 전략적 적응행동을 통해 조직실패의 위험을 줄이려고 한다. 그러나 이러한 적응행동의 효과성에 대해서는 조직생태학으로 대표되는 선택이론과, 전략ㆍ조직분야의 적응이론 간에 상이한 주장이 존재한다. 우리는 3개의 적응행동 변수(고용 조정, CEO 교체, 사업범위 변경)와 조직실패간의 관계에 대해서는 선택관점(+) 또는 적응관점(-)의 경쟁가설을, 그리고 조직 여유자원과 조직실패간의 관계에 대해서는 선택관점과 적응관점 양자 모두 부(-)의 단일가설을 수립한 후, 이항 로지스틱 회귀분석 모형을 통해 통계적 검정을 하였다. 분석결과, 고용조정과 CEO 교체, 그리고 사업범위 변경은 조직실패에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(각각 P<.001, P<.001, P<.05). 반면, 단일가설을 세운 조직 여유자원은 비흡수 여유자원과 흡수 여유자원 모두 조직실패에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 판명되었다(각각 P<.001, P<.10). 특히, 이라한 통계적 유의성은 조직실패에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려진 재무적 성과를 조직단위에서 통제한 이후에 얻어진 결과라는 점에서 기존 연구에 추가적인 공헌을 하였다. 결론적으로 다운사이징, CEO 교체, 사업범위 변경은 조직의 핵심에 충격을 주는 조직변화인데 반해, 조직 여유자원은 외부의 충격으로부터 조직의 핵심을 보호하는 주변부적 완충장치인 동시에 조직의 변화와 적응을 촉진하는 자원이 된다는 점에서, 조직의 적응행동이 조직실패에 미치는 영향에 대한 이론적 프레임은 '선택인가, 적응인가' 하는 양자택일적인 관점보다는, '선택과 적응'이라는 상호 양립가능하고 보완적인 관점이 더 설명력이 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

영문 초록

This study examined antecedents of organizational failure from two different ecological and adaptation views. Environmental change and organizational adaptation have been researched in many organization studies. Argument says organizations should make efforts to adapt to changing environment to survive and this has attracted much attention from organizational strategic studies. But organizational ecology understands that organizations have a big difficulty in adapting to fast changing environment, even though efforts of adaptations are not completely denied. In ecological view, organizational adaptations are limited and rather natural selection decides for survival of organizations, because organizations can't succeed in adaptation to ambiguous and fast changing environment. These two different views, adaptation and selection seem to compete with each other, but some argument can be found that they can be complementary in explaining organizational changes and failure. Organizations are continuously making efforts to adapt to environments and we examined whether these changes increased or decreased failure in ecological and adaptation views. We used four independent variables, workforce reduction, CEO Change, business scope change and organizational slack as antecedents which could affect organizational failure and analyzed the actual relationship between these four variables and organizational failure. According to ecological view, any organizational change in the organizational core can increase failure, because this change can bring the organization back to zero clock time when liability of newness will prevail. At the same time these changes can be interpreted as efforts to match the changing environment which can help organizations increase probability of survival. Authors' intention was to analyze and examine which view is more compatible with actual data collected. A population which is composed of 42,365 specialized construction subcontractor companies in Korea under hostile condition was analyzed by binary logit regression model. Authors developed competing hypotheses of three antecedents(workforce reduction, CEO Change and business scope change) and single hypotheses of organizational slack as below respectively and compared with actual data to find out which view is more compatible. Hypothesis are as below; H1a : Workforce reduction will increase organizational failure. H1b : Workforce reduction will decrease organizational failure. H2a : CEO change will increase organizational failure. H2b : CEO change will decrease organizational failure. H3a : Business scope change will increase organizational failure. H3b : Business scope change will decrease organizational failure. H4 : Organizational slack will decrease organizational failure. The findings of this study are very intriguing. With some variables(financial performance, prior financial performance, organizational size and population density) being controlled, this makes a real difference from other studies, authors examined net effects of antecedents. Regarding organization changes, authors proved that workforce reduction, CEO change, and business scope change increased failure as ecological view predicted, but organizational slack decreased failure in both selection and adaptation view. Authors concluded that effects of workforce reduction, CEO change and business scope change could be better explained by ecological perspective, and were detrimental to organization, while organizational slack can be construed as a strategic adaptation and buffer which decreased organizational failure. Based on the findings, authors propose that ecological and adaptation views can be used complementarily to account for the relationship between organizational changes and failure.

목차

<초록>

Ⅰ. 서론

Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 및 가설

Ⅲ. 연구방법 및 분석결과

Ⅳ. 토론 및 결론

참고문헌

Abstract

키워드

적대적 환경 선택 적응 조직실패 고용조정 CEO 교체 사업범위 변경 조직 여유자원 Selection Adaptation Organizational failure Hostile Environment Workforce Reduction CEO Change Business Scope Change Organizational Slack Financial Performance Prior Performance Organizational Size Population Density