이부이즘(Ibusim)과 인도네시아 여성운동

• 영문명: Ubuism and the Women's Movement in Indonesia
• 발행기관: 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원
• 저자명: 김현미(Kim Hyun-Mee)
• 간행물 정보: 『여성학논집』제16집, 83~100쪽, 전체 18쪽
• 주제분류: 사회과학 > 여성학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 1999.12.01

영문 초록

This paper seeks to interpret how the ideology of 'ibuism' (Motherism) in Indonesia has emerged as a significant element in definitions of the Indonesian women's social role throughout history. Ibuism as an ideology "sanctions any actions, provided it is taken as a mother who is looking after her family, a group, a class, a company or the state, without demanding power or prestige in return"(Djajadiningrat-Nieuwenhuis, 1992: 44). This paper illustrates how the symbolic order of 'ibuism' can be manipulated by those in power to control women. Also, it attempts to show that ibuism can pose resistance to the promotion of women's rights and issues in Indonesian society. 'Ibusim' first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century from a confluence of Dutch bourgeois and traditional Javanese middle class (priyayi) values which were linked to the 'mothering' concept. During the colonial period, Indonesian middle class women became the recipients of a modern education instructing them on how to be a sensible wife always supportive of her husband, and on how to be a stimulating mother in order to foster the development of her children. However, not only did the Ibu need to fulfill her homely duties, but she was also expected to supplement the family income as a mother to ensure the maintenance of the priyayi class status. The mother had no claim on power, because the ideology of 'ibuism' stressed the image of a loving mother, who did not expect anything in return. This ideology relating to women's motherly role is not limited to the domestic sphere alone, but is also extended to include her unselfish devotion to the nation and community. Before 1945, all activism, including the concerns of the women's movement, focused on attaining national independence. Women's status as the Ibu was emphasized by the women's movement during their participation in the national independence movement. The symbol of 'Kaum Ibu' (Mothers) and the slogan 'to raise the dignity of women as mothers' were frequently used by women's movement groups in order to protest against the degradation and discrimination that Indonesian women faced including polygamy and forced marriage. This slogan, however, became an ideology and put women in a stereotyped position as the care-taker of the family and the nation. Following the establishment of the New Order regime in 1965, Ibuism became a state ideology for the military regimes. Women were mobilized into state-controlled organizations on a mass scale and expected to transfer their caring roles from the family to the wider community, and the state. The New Order State banned women's organizations, including "Gerwani", which were concerned with women's rights issues. In its place a new women's organization called Dharma Wanita was formed in 1974. Membership in this organization was mandatory for every woman working in a government office and for all wives of government employees. It promoted an "ikut suami"[follow the husband] culture, which epitomizes the ideology of state ibuism, In rural areas, the PKK(family welfare guidance) was formed to function as the government sponsored welfare system. The PKK embraced an understanding of the family in which family members were expected to contribute to the welfare of the state-cum-family without personal return. The Ibu role and Ibuism demanded a broader extension of the notion of women's contribution to the family, to include service to the state in the process of modernization and economic development. Since the abolishment of the New Order State and the collapse of Suharto, women's groups such as Suara Ibu Peduli (Concerned Mothers) were established at grassroot level, Despite the fact that this organization helped to support understandings of the traditional motherly role of caretaker for women, it eventually became political in its orientation and criticized the state's inadequacies and corruption during the economic crisis.

목차

Ⅰ. 서론

Ⅱ. '이부이즘'의 등장

Ⅲ. 인도네시아 독립운동과 "Kaum Ibu"(카움이부, 어머니들)

Ⅳ. 신질서 국가(New Order State)와 국가모성주의(State Ibusim)의 등장

Ⅴ. 인도네시아 경제위기하의 "Ibu"의 등장

Ⅵ. 맺음말

참고문헌

Abstract