In response to the increasing impact of climate change on agriculture, various cultivation technologies have been recently developed to improve agricultural productivity and reduce carbon emissions for carbon neutrality. This study presents an algorithm for estimating rice planting density in agriculture using drone-captured images and deep learning-based image analysis technology. The algorithm utilizes images collected from various paddies; these images are processed through pre-processing steps and serve as training data for the YOLOv5x deep learning model. The trained model demonstrated high precision and recall, effectively estimating the position information of rice plants in each image. By accurately estimating the position of rice plants based on the central coordinates in diverse unpaved environments, the model allowed for estimation of rice plant density in each paddy, producing values closely aligned with actual measurements. Moreover, the algorithm proposed in this study provides a novel approach for precise determination of rice planting density based on the position information of rice plants in the images. Analysis of drone footage from different regions capturing portions of paddies revealed that the developed algorithm exhibited a significant correlation (R2=0.877) with actual planting density. This finding suggests the potential effective application of the algorithm in real-world agricultural settings. In conclusion, we believe that this research contributes to the ongoing digital transformation in agriculture by offering a valuable technology that supports the goals of enhancing efficiency, mitigating methane emissions, and achieving carbon neutrality, in response to the challenges posed by climate change.