日本と韓国における大学入試改革に関する一考察 : 大学入試の多様化をめぐる議論の日韓比較

• 영문명: A Study on University Entrance Examination Reforms in Japan and South Korea : Comparison of Discussions over Diversification of University Entrance Examinations
• 발행기관: 한국일본교육학회
• 저자명: 姜姫 銀(Kang, Hee-Eun)
• 간행물 정보: 『한국일본교육학연구』제26권 제3호, 1~18쪽, 전체 18쪽
• 주제분류: 사회과학 > 교육학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2021.10.31

국문 초록

本研究は、日本と韓国の大学入試における近年の改革の動向について、入試の「多様化」をめぐる諸議論を中心に比較･検討した。その結果、まず、両国の大学入試における入学者選抜の類型が一定のパターンに分化していることが分かった。分化の基準軸は日韓で異なり、日本は大学の設立類型(国公立か私立か)によって、韓国は大学の所在地(首都圏か地方か)によって中心となる選抜類型が異なることが確認できた。次に、両国の主要な議論の内容について比較分析した結果、日本の場合、「学力」の定義と「多面的･総合的」な評価方法に関する議論が中心となり、その具体的な評価方法を提示するに至った。一方、韓国では、入試の多様化がもたらした「公正性」と「格差」の問題に対する議論に集中し、政府主導の強力な諸措置が講じられてきた。最後に、今後の動向に向けて、双方への示唆を検討した。日本の最近の流れに、「公正性」に関する論点が加わり、この点、韓国のこれまでの「公正性」の検討から示唆を得ることもできると考える。逆に韓国もまた、これまでのような「公正性」と「格差」の是正を議論するなかで忘れがちな、「学力」と評価のあり方という根本的な問題について日本の議論を参考にすることができると考える。

영문 초록

This study compared and examined recent trends of university entrance examination reforms in Japan and South Korea, focusing on discussions on the “diversification” of entrance examinations. First, the author raised the decline of the 18-year-old population as a common internal factor concerning university entrance examinations in both the countries, and identified that this factor could contribute to the rise in the university entrance rate as well as the diversification of the admission process. At the same time, the author identified that the adopted methods of admission could be differentiated along the demarcation between national or public universities in Japan, while between the metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan area universities in South Korea. Next, as to the “diversification” of university entrance exams, the author examined the transformation of various admission methods in the two countries: “comprehensive selection” and “school recommendation type selection” in Japan, and “student book-centered selection” in South Korea. In Japan, discussions centered on the definition of the academic ability and the evaluation method concerning the two selection methods mentioned above, and the specific evaluation method was presented. On the other hand, in South Korea, strong government-led measures have been taken, focusing on the conceptions of “fairness” and “social gap” originated from the diversification of entrance examinations. In the process of its realization, governmental financial support and sanctions were applied, resulting in the weakening of university “autonomy.” The author considers that the issue of “fairness” has been a noteworthy aspect newly added to the recent trend in Japan, and as to the problem, South Korea s long-standing experiences and studies could be helpful. And South Korea may refer to Japan s discussions on the issues of “academic ability” and evaluation methods, which have been often forgotten in South Korea’s discussions for ensuring “fairness” and diminishing “social gap.”

목차

Ⅰ．はじめに

Ⅱ. 日本における大学入試改革の動向

Ⅲ. 韓国における大学入試改革の動向

Ⅳ. 大学入試改革の主な争点

Ⅴ．おわりに

키워드

大学 入試制度 大学 入試改革 学 力 多面的･ 総 合的評価 公正性 格差 university entrance exam reform of university entrance exam academic ability diversified and synthetic evaluation fairness social gap 대학입시제도 대학입시개혁 학력 다면적･ 종합적 평가 공정성 격차